What factors can lead to brake fade or failure?

Brake fade or failure primarily stems from excessive heat generated by overusing the brake system. When brakes are applied repeatedly or for extended periods—such as during downhill driving or in heavy stop-and-go traffic—the brake components can heat up significantly. This heat can cause the brake fluid to boil, leading to vapor forming in the brake lines, which reduces the hydraulic pressure necessary for effective braking. Additionally, the friction materials on the brake pads can lose their effectiveness as they reach high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in stopping power. This phenomenon highlights the critical importance of proper brake usage and understanding the limits of a vehicle's braking system.

Other factors like low brake fluid levels and worn-out tires can also contribute to braking issues, but they do so in different ways. Low brake fluid may lead to an insufficient hydraulic response, and worn tires can decrease traction, impacting the vehicle's ability to stop effectively. However, these do not specifically define brake fade as it is primarily related to heat buildup in the braking system itself. Driving in heavy rain can provide challenges in braking due to reduced traction and increased stopping distances, but it does not cause brake fade or mechanical failure in the braking system.